* test: reproduce Windows SDK not found after fresh npx install (#3211) Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com> * test: red — docs-parity live-registry tests fail against stub helper (#3049) Adds: - tests/helpers/live-command-registry.cjs (stub: returns empty Set) - tests/docs-parity-live-registry.test.cjs (new polarity-inverted test) - tests/fixtures/live-command-registry/ (fixture .md files) All parity and helper-contract tests fail because the stub returns an empty registry. This is the intentional RED state before GREEN implementation. Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com> * feat(test-helpers): live-command-registry derives canonical tokens from commands/gsd/*.md (#3049) Implements GREEN phase: - tests/helpers/live-command-registry.cjs: walks commands/gsd/*.md, parses YAML frontmatter name: field, emits /gsd-slug, /gsd:slug, $gsd-slug per command. Memoized per process. Fails loud on malformed frontmatter (k302). - tests/docs-parity-live-registry.test.cjs: updated with INTERNAL_COMPONENT_SLUGS exemption for path-component and placeholder tokens (gsd-build from GitHub org URLs, gsd-workspaces from ~/gsd-workspaces/ paths, gsd-tools from bin/gsd-tools.cjs paths, etc.) Docs drift caught and fixed: - ns-* rename: /gsd-ns-workflow→/gsd-workflow etc. in COMMANDS, FEATURES, INVENTORY, USER-GUIDE (6 commands across 4 English files) - /gsd-scan → /gsd-map-codebase --fast (FEATURES, INVENTORY, USER-GUIDE) - /gsd-note → /gsd-capture (FEATURES, issue-driven-orchestration, ja-JP, ko-KR) - /gsd-do → /gsd-fast (FEATURES, ja-JP, ko-KR) - /gsd-from-gsd2 → /gsd-import --from-gsd2 (CLI-TOOLS, FEATURES, INVENTORY) - /gsd-verify-phase → /gsd-validate-phase (STATE-MD-LIFECYCLE) - /gsd-settings-integrations → /gsd-settings or /gsd-config --integrations (CLI-TOOLS) - /gsd-dev-preferences removed from profile-user artifact lists (AGENTS, COMMANDS, FEATURES in English, ja-JP, ko-KR) - /gsd-select-framework removed from gsd-framework-selector spawner list (AGENTS, INVENTORY) All 28 new tests pass. Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com> * refactor(test): replace deny-list parity tests with polarity-inverted live-registry approach (#3049) - Delete bug-3010-reapply-patches-references.test.cjs (hardcoded deny-list) - Delete bug-3029-3034-stale-command-routes.test.cjs (hardcoded deny-list) - Delete bug-3042-3044-research-flag-and-stale-refs.test.cjs (deny-list + frontmatter checks) - Add tests/skill-frontmatter-contract.test.cjs (frontmatter structural checks extracted from deleted file) - Update tests/commands-doc-parity.test.cjs to derive slug from name: frontmatter field instead of filename, so ns-* commands resolve to their actual deployed tokens Closes #3049 Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com> * test: annotate commands-doc-parity with source-text-is-the-product exemption (#3049 lint fix) The readFileSync on commands/gsd/*.md reads product markdown whose deployed text IS what the user sees — content.startsWith('---') detects YAML frontmatter in those files, not source-code structure. Add the allow-test-rule exemption matching the same rationale used in docs-parity-live-registry.test.cjs. Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com> * test: walk docs/** recursively to cover nested locale trees (CR finding 7) Replaced the non-recursive listMdFiles() with a hand-rolled DFS walker compatible with Node 20+. Surfaces unreadable-directory errors as stderr warnings (PRED.k302) rather than silently skipping. Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com> * test: annotate live-command-registry helper and commands-doc-parity with source-text exemptions (CR findings 6, 8) Adds allow-test-rule comments to suppress lint-no-source-grep false positives on YAML frontmatter structure checks in both files. Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com> * test: anchor --research-phase assertions to arg-parsing section and verify combined refresh (CR findings 9, 10) Finding 9: scopes --research-phase check to within 1200 chars of the flag description section header, preventing false positives from prose mentions. Finding 10: tightens the force-refresh assertion to require BOTH --research and force/refresh semantics within the --research-phase description section, verifying the combined-mode contract rather than standalone --research presence. Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com> * test: fix execSync mock to accept opts parameter, forward to saved implementation (CR finding 5) The mock at line 212 dropped the options parameter when delegating to savedExecSync. Updated to (cmd, opts) signature and pass opts through. Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com> * docs: correct routing entrypoint, --fast default, /gsd-review collision, verifying-stage mapping (CR findings 1-4) Finding 1: Change Freeform Routing command from /gsd-fast to /gsd-progress --do. /gsd-fast is the inline trivial-task executor, not the routing entrypoint. Finding 2: Clarify that /gsd-map-codebase --fast REQ-SCAN-02 default (tech+arch) runs as a single combined-focus agent, resolving the contradiction with REQ-SCAN-01. Finding 3: Rename the namespace router /gsd-review to /gsd-quality across all docs, command file, and help.md to eliminate the naming collision with the concrete cross-AI peer-review command (review.md, name: gsd:review). Finding 4: Replace /gsd-validate-phase with /gsd-verify-work in the STATE-MD-LIFECYCLE.md verifying-stage table. /gsd-validate-phase is the retroactive Nyquist-validation flow, not the normal phase-verification step. Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com> * docs+test: fix locale doc drift surfaced by recursive walker (CR finding 7 follow-up) The recursive listMdFiles() walker newly covered docs/**/*.md subdirs. Stale command references in locale docs are now caught and fixed: - docs/zh-CN/references/model-profiles.md: remove /gsd-set-profile (deleted command); config.json is the current mechanism - docs/zh-CN/references/ui-brand.md: remove /gsd-alternative-1/2 template placeholders - docs/{ja-JP,ko-KR,pt-BR}/superpowers/specs/2026-03-20-*: replace /gsd-new-workspace, /gsd-list-workspaces, /gsd-remove-workspace with /gsd-workspace --new / --list / --remove (consolidated in #2790) Also adds smoke- and alternative-{1,2} to INTERNAL_COMPONENT_SLUGS (filesystem path and template placeholder patterns, not slash commands) and introduces listEnglishMdFiles() to scope the English parity check to docs/ excluding locale subdirectories (which have their own per-locale describe blocks). Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com> * docs: add bash language tag to fenced code blocks in ja-JP and ko-KR workspace specs (CR round 2) Satisfies MD040 fenced-code-language requirement. These blocks contain shell commands and were missing the language specifier. Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com> --------- Co-authored-by: Claude Sonnet 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
19 KiB
GSD CLI Tools Reference
Surface-area reference for
get-shit-done/bin/gsd-tools.cjs(legacy Node CLI). Workflows and agents should prefergsd-sdk queryor@gsd-build/sdkwhere a handler exists — see SDK and programmatic access. For slash commands and user flows, see Command Reference.
Overview
gsd-tools.cjs centralizes config parsing, model resolution, phase lookup, git commits, summary verification, state management, and template operations across GSD commands, workflows, and agents.
| Shipped path | get-shit-done/bin/gsd-tools.cjs |
| Implementation | 20 domain modules under get-shit-done/bin/lib/ (the directory is authoritative) |
| Status | Maintained for parity tests and CJS-only entrypoints; gsd-sdk query / SDK registry are the supported path for new orchestration (see QUERY-HANDLERS.md). |
Usage (CJS):
node gsd-tools.cjs <command> [args] [--raw] [--cwd <path>]
Global flags (CJS):
| Flag | Description |
|---|---|
--raw |
Machine-readable output (JSON or plain text, no formatting) |
--cwd <path> |
Override working directory (for sandboxed subagents) |
--ws <name> |
Workstream context (also honored when the SDK spawns this binary; see below) |
SDK and programmatic access
Use this when authoring workflows, not when you only need the command list below.
1. CLI — gsd-sdk query <argv…>
- Resolves argv with the same longest-prefix rules as the typed registry (
resolveQueryArgvinsdk/src/query/registry.ts). Unregistered commands fail fast — usenode …/gsd-tools.cjsonly for handlers not in the registry. - Full matrix (CJS command → registry key, CLI-only tools, aliases, golden tiers): sdk/src/query/QUERY-HANDLERS.md.
2. TypeScript — @gsd-build/sdk (GSDTools, createRegistry)
GSDToolsnow routes through the SDK Runtime Bridge Module (sdk/src/query-runtime-bridge.ts). Native registry dispatch is preferred; subprocess fallback is explicit policy (allowFallbackToSubprocess) and can be disabled for strict SDK-only execution.strictSdkmode fails fast when a command has no native adapter, making SDK publish/readiness checks deterministic.- Structured bridge observability is available via
onDispatchEvent(dispatch mode, fallback reason, duration, outcome, error kind). - For direct typed dispatch without
GSDTools, usecreateRegistry()fromsdk/src/query/index.ts, or invokegsd-sdk query(see QUERY-HANDLERS.md). - Conventions: mutation event wiring,
GSDErrorvs{ data: { error } }, locks, and stubs — QUERY-HANDLERS.md.
CJS → SDK examples (same project directory):
| Legacy CJS | Preferred gsd-sdk query (examples) |
|---|---|
node gsd-tools.cjs init phase-op 12 |
gsd-sdk query init phase-op 12 |
node gsd-tools.cjs phase-plan-index 12 |
gsd-sdk query phase-plan-index 12 |
node gsd-tools.cjs state json |
gsd-sdk query state json |
node gsd-tools.cjs roadmap analyze |
gsd-sdk query roadmap analyze |
SDK state reads: state.json and state.load are both registered query handlers with parity coverage. You can invoke them through gsd-sdk query … and through the SDK Runtime Bridge (GSDTools → sdk/src/query-runtime-bridge.ts), honoring allowFallbackToSubprocess / strictSdk and emitting onDispatchEvent observability. For direct typed dispatch, use createRegistry() from sdk/src/query/index.ts. Full routing and golden rules: QUERY-HANDLERS.md.
CLI-only (not in registry): e.g. graphify, from-gsd2 / gsd2-import — call gsd-tools.cjs until registered.
Mutation events (SDK): QUERY_MUTATION_COMMANDS in sdk/src/query/index.ts lists commands that may emit structured events after a successful dispatch. Exceptions called out in QUERY-HANDLERS: state validate (read-only), skill-manifest (writes only with --write), intel update (stub).
Golden parity: Policy and CJS↔SDK test categories are documented under Golden parity in QUERY-HANDLERS.md.
State Commands
Manage .planning/STATE.md — the project's living memory.
# Load full project config + state as JSON
node gsd-tools.cjs state load
# Output STATE.md frontmatter as JSON
node gsd-tools.cjs state json
# Update a single field
node gsd-tools.cjs state update <field> <value>
# Get STATE.md content or a specific section
node gsd-tools.cjs state get [section]
# Batch update multiple fields
node gsd-tools.cjs state patch --field1 val1 --field2 val2
# Increment plan counter
node gsd-tools.cjs state advance-plan
# Record execution metrics
node gsd-tools.cjs state record-metric --phase N --plan M --duration Xmin [--tasks N] [--files N]
# Recalculate progress bar
node gsd-tools.cjs state update-progress
# Add a decision
node gsd-tools.cjs state add-decision --summary "..." [--phase N] [--rationale "..."]
# Or from files:
node gsd-tools.cjs state add-decision --summary-file path [--rationale-file path]
# Add/resolve blockers
node gsd-tools.cjs state add-blocker --text "..."
node gsd-tools.cjs state resolve-blocker --text "..."
# Record session continuity
node gsd-tools.cjs state record-session --stopped-at "..." [--resume-file path]
# Phase start — update STATE.md Status/Last activity for a new phase
node gsd-tools.cjs state begin-phase --phase N --name SLUG --plans COUNT
# Agent-discoverable blocker signalling (used by discuss-phase / UI flows)
node gsd-tools.cjs state signal-waiting --type TYPE --question "..." --options "A|B" --phase P
node gsd-tools.cjs state signal-resume
State Snapshot
Structured parse of the full STATE.md:
node gsd-tools.cjs state-snapshot
Returns JSON with: current position, phase, plan, status, decisions, blockers, metrics, last activity.
Phase Commands
Manage phases — directories, numbering, and roadmap sync.
# Find phase directory by number
node gsd-tools.cjs find-phase <phase>
# Calculate next decimal phase number for insertions
node gsd-tools.cjs phase next-decimal <phase>
# Append new phase to roadmap + create directory
node gsd-tools.cjs phase add <description>
# Insert decimal phase after existing
node gsd-tools.cjs phase insert <after> <description>
# Remove phase, renumber subsequent
node gsd-tools.cjs phase remove <phase> [--force]
# Mark phase complete, update state + roadmap
node gsd-tools.cjs phase complete <phase>
# Index plans with waves and status
node gsd-tools.cjs phase-plan-index <phase>
# List phases with filtering
node gsd-tools.cjs phases list [--type planned|executed|all] [--phase N] [--include-archived]
Roadmap Commands
Parse and update ROADMAP.md.
# Extract phase section from ROADMAP.md
node gsd-tools.cjs roadmap get-phase <phase>
# Full roadmap parse with disk status
node gsd-tools.cjs roadmap analyze
# Update progress table row from disk
node gsd-tools.cjs roadmap update-plan-progress <N>
Config Commands
Read and write .planning/config.json.
# Initialize config.json with defaults
node gsd-tools.cjs config-ensure-section
# Set a config value (dot notation)
node gsd-tools.cjs config-set <key> <value>
# Get a config value
node gsd-tools.cjs config-get <key>
# Set model profile
node gsd-tools.cjs config-set-model-profile <profile>
Model Resolution
# Get model for agent based on current profile
node gsd-tools.cjs resolve-model <agent-name>
# Returns: opus | sonnet | haiku | inherit
Agent names: gsd-planner, gsd-executor, gsd-phase-researcher, gsd-project-researcher, gsd-research-synthesizer, gsd-verifier, gsd-plan-checker, gsd-integration-checker, gsd-roadmapper, gsd-debugger, gsd-codebase-mapper, gsd-nyquist-auditor
Verification Commands
Validate plans, phases, references, and commits.
# Verify SUMMARY.md file
node gsd-tools.cjs verify-summary <path> [--check-count N]
# Check PLAN.md structure + tasks
node gsd-tools.cjs verify plan-structure <file>
# Check all plans have summaries
node gsd-tools.cjs verify phase-completeness <phase>
# Check @-refs + paths resolve
node gsd-tools.cjs verify references <file>
# Batch verify commit hashes
node gsd-tools.cjs verify commits <hash1> [hash2] ...
# Check must_haves.artifacts
node gsd-tools.cjs verify artifacts <plan-file>
# Check must_haves.key_links
node gsd-tools.cjs verify key-links <plan-file>
Validation Commands
Check project integrity.
# Check phase numbering, disk/roadmap sync
node gsd-tools.cjs validate consistency
# Check .planning/ integrity, optionally repair
node gsd-tools.cjs validate health [--repair]
# Probe context-window utilization for status-line / hook callers (v1.40.0)
node gsd-tools.cjs validate context
validate context emits a structured envelope with utilization, status
(ok / warn / critical at the 60 % / 70 % thresholds), and a
suggestion string. The same data backs /gsd-health --context.
Template Commands
Template selection and filling.
# Select summary template based on granularity
node gsd-tools.cjs template select <type>
# Fill template with variables
node gsd-tools.cjs template fill <type> --phase N [--plan M] [--name "..."] [--type execute|tdd] [--wave N] [--fields '{json}']
Template types for fill: summary, plan, verification
Frontmatter Commands
YAML frontmatter CRUD operations on any Markdown file.
# Extract frontmatter as JSON
node gsd-tools.cjs frontmatter get <file> [--field key]
# Update single field
node gsd-tools.cjs frontmatter set <file> --field key --value jsonVal
# Merge JSON into frontmatter
node gsd-tools.cjs frontmatter merge <file> --data '{json}'
# Validate required fields
node gsd-tools.cjs frontmatter validate <file> --schema plan|summary|verification
Scaffold Commands
Create pre-structured files and directories.
# Create CONTEXT.md template
node gsd-tools.cjs scaffold context --phase N
# Create UAT.md template
node gsd-tools.cjs scaffold uat --phase N
# Create VERIFICATION.md template
node gsd-tools.cjs scaffold verification --phase N
# Create phase directory
node gsd-tools.cjs scaffold phase-dir --phase N --name "phase name"
Init Commands (Compound Context Loading)
Load all context needed for a specific workflow in one call. Returns JSON with project info, config, state, and workflow-specific data.
node gsd-tools.cjs init execute-phase <phase>
node gsd-tools.cjs init plan-phase <phase>
node gsd-tools.cjs init new-project
node gsd-tools.cjs init new-milestone
node gsd-tools.cjs init quick <description>
node gsd-tools.cjs init resume
node gsd-tools.cjs init verify-work <phase>
node gsd-tools.cjs init phase-op <phase>
node gsd-tools.cjs init todos [area]
node gsd-tools.cjs init milestone-op
node gsd-tools.cjs init map-codebase
node gsd-tools.cjs init progress
# Workstream-scoped init (SDK --ws flag)
node gsd-tools.cjs init execute-phase <phase> --ws <name>
node gsd-tools.cjs init plan-phase <phase> --ws <name>
Large payload handling: When output exceeds ~50KB, the CLI writes to a temp file and returns @file:/tmp/gsd-init-XXXXX.json. Workflows check for the @file: prefix and read from disk:
INIT=$(node gsd-tools.cjs init execute-phase "1")
if [[ "$INIT" == @file:* ]]; then INIT=$(cat "${INIT#@file:}"); fi
Milestone Commands
# Archive milestone
node gsd-tools.cjs milestone complete <version> [--name <name>] [--archive-phases]
# Mark requirements as complete
node gsd-tools.cjs requirements mark-complete <ids>
# Accepts: REQ-01,REQ-02 or REQ-01 REQ-02 or [REQ-01, REQ-02]
Skill Manifest
Pre-compute and cache skill discovery for faster command loading.
# Generate skill manifest (writes to .claude/skill-manifest.json)
node gsd-tools.cjs skill-manifest
# Generate with custom output path
node gsd-tools.cjs skill-manifest --output <path>
Returns JSON mapping of all available GSD skills with their metadata (name, description, file path, argument hints). Used by the installer and session-start hooks to avoid repeated filesystem scans.
Utility Commands
# Convert text to URL-safe slug
node gsd-tools.cjs generate-slug "Some Text Here"
# → some-text-here
# Get timestamp
node gsd-tools.cjs current-timestamp [full|date|filename]
# Count and list pending todos
node gsd-tools.cjs list-todos [area]
# Check file/directory existence
node gsd-tools.cjs verify-path-exists <path>
# Aggregate all SUMMARY.md data
node gsd-tools.cjs history-digest
# Extract structured data from SUMMARY.md
node gsd-tools.cjs summary-extract <path> [--fields field1,field2]
# Project statistics
node gsd-tools.cjs stats [json|table]
# Progress rendering
node gsd-tools.cjs progress [json|table|bar]
# Complete a todo
node gsd-tools.cjs todo complete <filename>
# UAT audit — scan all phases for unresolved items
node gsd-tools.cjs audit-uat
# Cross-artifact audit queue — scan `.planning/` for unresolved audit items
node gsd-tools.cjs audit-open [--json]
# Reverse-migrate a GSD-2 project into the current structure (backs `/gsd-import --from-gsd2`)
node gsd-tools.cjs from-gsd2 [--path <dir>] [--force] [--dry-run]
# Git commit with config checks
node gsd-tools.cjs commit <message> [--files f1 f2] [--amend] [--no-verify]
--no-verify: Skips pre-commit hooks. Used by parallel executor agents during wave-based execution to avoid build lock contention (e.g., cargo lock fights in Rust projects). The orchestrator runs hooks once after each wave completes. Do not use--no-verifyduring sequential execution — let hooks run normally.
Web search (requires Brave API key)
node gsd-tools.cjs websearch [--limit N] [--freshness day|week|month]
---
## Graphify
Build, query, and inspect the project knowledge graph in `.planning/graphs/`. Requires `graphify.enabled: true` in `config.json` (see [Configuration Reference](CONFIGURATION.md#graphify-settings)). Graphify is **CJS-only**: `gsd-sdk query` does not yet register graphify handlers — always use `node gsd-tools.cjs graphify …`.
```bash
# Build or rebuild the knowledge graph
node gsd-tools.cjs graphify build
# Search the graph for a term
node gsd-tools.cjs graphify query <term>
# Show graph freshness and statistics
node gsd-tools.cjs graphify status
# Show changes since the last build
node gsd-tools.cjs graphify diff
# Write a named snapshot of the current graph
node gsd-tools.cjs graphify snapshot [name]
User-facing entry point: /gsd-graphify (see Command Reference).
Module Architecture
| Module | File | Exports |
|---|---|---|
| Core | lib/core.cjs |
error(), output(), parseArgs(), shared utilities, compatibility re-exports |
| State | lib/state.cjs |
All state subcommands, state-snapshot |
| Phase | lib/phase.cjs |
Phase CRUD, find-phase, phase-plan-index, phases list |
| Planning Workspace | lib/planning-workspace.cjs |
Planning seam: planningDir, planningPaths, active workstream routing, .planning/.lock |
| Roadmap | lib/roadmap.cjs |
Roadmap parsing, phase extraction, progress updates |
| Config | lib/config.cjs |
Config read/write, section initialization |
| Verify | lib/verify.cjs |
All verification and validation commands |
| Template | lib/template.cjs |
Template selection and variable filling |
| Frontmatter | lib/frontmatter.cjs |
YAML frontmatter CRUD |
| Init | lib/init.cjs |
Compound context loading for all workflows |
| Milestone | lib/milestone.cjs |
Milestone archival, requirements marking |
| Commands | lib/commands.cjs |
Misc: slug, timestamp, todos, scaffold, stats, websearch |
| Model Profiles | lib/model-profiles.cjs |
Profile resolution table |
| UAT | lib/uat.cjs |
Cross-phase UAT/verification audit |
| Profile Output | lib/profile-output.cjs |
Developer profile formatting |
| Profile Pipeline | lib/profile-pipeline.cjs |
Session analysis pipeline |
| Graphify | lib/graphify.cjs |
Knowledge graph build/query/status/diff/snapshot (backs /gsd-graphify) |
| Learnings | lib/learnings.cjs |
Extract learnings from phases/SUMMARY artifacts (backs /gsd-extract-learnings) |
| Audit | lib/audit.cjs |
Phase/milestone audit queue handlers; audit-open helper |
| GSD2 Import | lib/gsd2-import.cjs |
Reverse-migration importer from GSD-2 projects (backs /gsd-import --from-gsd2) |
| Intel | lib/intel.cjs |
Queryable codebase intelligence index (backs /gsd-map-codebase --query) |
Reviewer CLI Routing
review.models.<cli> maps a reviewer flavor to a shell command invoked by the code-review workflow. Set via /gsd-config --integrations or directly:
gsd-sdk query config-set review.models.codex "codex exec --model gpt-5"
gsd-sdk query config-set review.models.gemini "gemini -m gemini-2.5-pro"
gsd-sdk query config-set review.models.opencode "opencode run --model claude-sonnet-4"
gsd-sdk query config-set review.models.claude "" # clear — fall back to session model
Slugs are validated against [a-zA-Z0-9_-]+; empty or path-containing slugs are rejected. See docs/CONFIGURATION.md for the full field reference.
Secret Handling
API keys configured via /gsd-settings (brave_search, firecrawl, exa_search) are written plaintext to .planning/config.json but are masked (****<last-4>) in every config-set / config-get output, confirmation table, and interactive prompt. See get-shit-done/bin/lib/secrets.cjs for the masking implementation. The config.json file itself is the security boundary — protect it with filesystem permissions and keep it out of git (.planning/ is gitignored by default).
See also
- sdk/src/query/QUERY-HANDLERS.md — registry matrix, routing, golden parity, intentional CJS differences
- Architecture — where
gsd-sdk queryfits in orchestration - Command Reference — user-facing
/gsd-commands