diff --git a/surf/limiter.go b/surf/limiter.go
index b05afa4..8369686 100644
--- a/surf/limiter.go
+++ b/surf/limiter.go
@@ -93,8 +93,8 @@ func (l *FixedWindowLimiter) Middleware(param string) pact.Middleware {
 				return
 			}
 			key := b.Key(r)
-			if l.store.TooManyAttempts(key, b.Max) {
-				retryAfter := l.store.AvailableIn(key)
+			allowed, attempts, retryAfter := l.store.Attempt(key, b.Max, b.Decay)
+			if !allowed {
 				secs := int(retryAfter / time.Second)
 				w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
 				w.Header().Set("Retry-After", strconv.Itoa(secs))
@@ -105,7 +105,6 @@ func (l *FixedWindowLimiter) Middleware(param string) pact.Middleware {
 				_, _ = w.Write([]byte(tooManyAttemptsBody))
 				return
 			}
-			attempts := l.store.Hit(key, b.Decay)
 			remaining := b.Max - attempts
 			if remaining < 0 {
 				remaining = 0
@@ -157,11 +156,7 @@ func (l *FixedWindowLimiter) resolve(param string) (Bucket, error) {
 					return "u:" + strconv.FormatUint(uint64(u.ID), 10)
 				}
 			}
-			host := ""
-			if r != nil {
-				host = r.Host
-			}
-			return host + "|" + ClientIP(r, trusted)
+			return "inline:domainless|" + ClientIP(r, trusted)
 		},
 	}
 	l.inline[param] = b
diff --git a/surf/limiter_coverage_test.go b/surf/limiter_coverage_test.go
index dc0dfcd..a4bbef8 100644
--- a/surf/limiter_coverage_test.go
+++ b/surf/limiter_coverage_test.go
@@ -12,20 +12,20 @@ import (
 	"git.golem15.com/golem15/summercms/compass"
 )
 
-// Gap (b): MemoryStore's sweep goroutine (purge), not TooManyAttempts' lazy
-// expiry. Construct with a short sweep and assert the internal map drops
-// an expired entry without calling TooManyAttempts.
+// Gap (b): MemoryStore's sweep goroutine (purge), not Attempt's lazy expiry.
+// Construct with a short sweep and assert the internal map drops
+// an expired entry without a later Attempt.
 
 func TestMemoryStoreSweepRemovesExpiredEntry(t *testing.T) {
 	s := NewMemoryStore(15 * time.Millisecond)
 	t.Cleanup(func() { close(s.stop) })
 
-	s.Hit("k", 25*time.Millisecond)
+	s.Attempt("k", 1, 25*time.Millisecond)
 	s.mu.Lock()
 	n := len(s.entries)
 	s.mu.Unlock()
 	if n != 1 {
-		t.Fatalf("after Hit, entries = %d", n)
+		t.Fatalf("after Attempt, entries = %d", n)
 	}
 
 	deadline := time.Now().Add(200 * time.Millisecond)
@@ -41,18 +41,20 @@ func TestMemoryStoreSweepRemovesExpiredEntry(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Fatalf("sweep did not drop expired entry, count=%d", n)
 }
 
-func TestMemoryStoreAvailableInExpiredAndMissing(t *testing.T) {
+func TestMemoryStoreAttemptRetryAfterAndExpiry(t *testing.T) {
 	s := NewMemoryStore(0)
-	if d := s.AvailableIn("missing"); d != 0 {
-		t.Fatalf("missing AvailableIn = %s", d)
+	allowed, attempts, retryAfter := s.Attempt("k", 1, 20*time.Millisecond)
+	if !allowed || attempts != 1 || retryAfter <= 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("first attempt = allowed %v, attempts %d, retryAfter %s", allowed, attempts, retryAfter)
 	}
-	s.Hit("k", 20*time.Millisecond)
-	if d := s.AvailableIn("k"); d <= 0 {
-		t.Fatalf("live AvailableIn = %s", d)
+	allowed, attempts, retryAfter = s.Attempt("k", 1, 20*time.Millisecond)
+	if allowed || attempts != 1 || retryAfter <= 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("denied attempt = allowed %v, attempts %d, retryAfter %s", allowed, attempts, retryAfter)
 	}
 	time.Sleep(30 * time.Millisecond)
-	if d := s.AvailableIn("k"); d != 0 {
-		t.Fatalf("expired AvailableIn = %s", d)
+	allowed, attempts, retryAfter = s.Attempt("k", 1, 20*time.Millisecond)
+	if !allowed || attempts != 1 || retryAfter <= 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("expired attempt = allowed %v, attempts %d, retryAfter %s", allowed, attempts, retryAfter)
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/surf/limiter_store.go b/surf/limiter_store.go
index 21eaeaa..a77ddc5 100644
--- a/surf/limiter_store.go
+++ b/surf/limiter_store.go
@@ -5,14 +5,11 @@ import (
 	"time"
 )
 
-// Store mirrors Illuminate\Cache\RateLimiter's hit/tooManyAttempts/
-// availableIn control flow: a fixed window, first-hit-wins (an existing
-// unexpired window is never extended), with resetAttempts as a side effect
-// of TooManyAttempts observing an expired window.
+// Store owns fixed-window admission as one atomic operation. Attempt performs
+// lazy expiry, threshold comparison, and an admitted increment together so
+// concurrent callers cannot pass a split check-then-increment boundary.
 type Store interface {
-	Hit(key string, decay time.Duration) (attempts int)
-	TooManyAttempts(key string, max int) bool
-	AvailableIn(key string) time.Duration
+	Attempt(key string, max int, decay time.Duration) (allowed bool, attempts int, retryAfter time.Duration)
 }
 
 type counterEntry struct {
@@ -68,48 +65,29 @@ func (s *MemoryStore) purge() {
 	}
 }
 
-// Hit increments key's counter, opening a decay window on first hit
-// (first-hit-wins: an existing unexpired window is never extended).
-func (s *MemoryStore) Hit(key string, decay time.Duration) int {
+// Attempt admits and counts one request when key is below max. The first
+// attempt opens the window; later attempts never extend it. A denied attempt
+// leaves the exhausted count unchanged.
+func (s *MemoryStore) Attempt(key string, max int, decay time.Duration) (bool, int, time.Duration) {
 	s.mu.Lock()
 	defer s.mu.Unlock()
 	now := time.Now()
 	e, ok := s.entries[key]
-	if !ok || now.After(e.resetAt) {
+	if ok && now.After(e.resetAt) {
+		delete(s.entries, key)
+		ok = false
+	}
+	if !ok {
 		e = &counterEntry{count: 0, resetAt: now.Add(decay)}
 		s.entries[key] = e
 	}
+	retryAfter := e.resetAt.Sub(now)
+	if retryAfter < 0 {
+		retryAfter = 0
+	}
+	if e.count >= max {
+		return false, e.count, retryAfter
+	}
 	e.count++
-	return e.count
-}
-
-// TooManyAttempts is true only while count >= max and the window has not
-// expired. An expired window is deleted (PHP resetAttempts) and returns false.
-func (s *MemoryStore) TooManyAttempts(key string, max int) bool {
-	s.mu.Lock()
-	defer s.mu.Unlock()
-	e, ok := s.entries[key]
-	if !ok {
-		return false
-	}
-	if time.Now().After(e.resetAt) {
-		delete(s.entries, key)
-		return false
-	}
-	return e.count >= max
-}
-
-// AvailableIn is the time until the window resets, or 0 if the key is absent.
-func (s *MemoryStore) AvailableIn(key string) time.Duration {
-	s.mu.Lock()
-	defer s.mu.Unlock()
-	e, ok := s.entries[key]
-	if !ok {
-		return 0
-	}
-	d := e.resetAt.Sub(time.Now())
-	if d < 0 {
-		return 0
-	}
-	return d
+	return true, e.count, retryAfter
 }
diff --git a/surf/limiter_test.go b/surf/limiter_test.go
index 0b55639..02961ad 100644
--- a/surf/limiter_test.go
+++ b/surf/limiter_test.go
@@ -129,39 +129,37 @@ func TestFixedWindowLimiterMemoryStoreWindow(t *testing.T) {
 	s := NewMemoryStore(0)
 	decay := 80 * time.Millisecond
 
-	if c := s.Hit("k", decay); c != 1 {
-		t.Fatalf("hit 1 = %d", c)
+	if allowed, attempts, _ := s.Attempt("k", 3, decay); !allowed || attempts != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("attempt 1 = allowed %v, attempts %d", allowed, attempts)
 	}
-	if c := s.Hit("k", decay); c != 2 {
-		t.Fatalf("hit 2 = %d", c)
+	if allowed, attempts, _ := s.Attempt("k", 3, decay); !allowed || attempts != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("attempt 2 = allowed %v, attempts %d", allowed, attempts)
 	}
-	if s.TooManyAttempts("k", 3) {
-		t.Fatal("TooManyAttempts at count==max-1")
+	if allowed, attempts, _ := s.Attempt("k", 3, decay); !allowed || attempts != 3 {
+		t.Fatalf("attempt 3 = allowed %v, attempts %d", allowed, attempts)
 	}
-	if c := s.Hit("k", decay); c != 3 {
-		t.Fatalf("hit 3 = %d", c)
-	}
-	if !s.TooManyAttempts("k", 3) {
-		t.Fatal("TooManyAttempts at count==max")
+	if allowed, attempts, _ := s.Attempt("k", 3, decay); allowed || attempts != 3 {
+		t.Fatalf("denied attempt = allowed %v, attempts %d", allowed, attempts)
 	}
 
 	time.Sleep(decay + 20*time.Millisecond)
-	if s.TooManyAttempts("k", 3) {
-		t.Fatal("TooManyAttempts after window elapsed")
-	}
-	if c := s.Hit("k", decay); c != 1 {
-		t.Fatalf("fresh window hit = %d", c)
+	if allowed, attempts, _ := s.Attempt("k", 3, decay); !allowed || attempts != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("fresh-window attempt = allowed %v, attempts %d", allowed, attempts)
 	}
 }
 
 func TestFixedWindowLimiterMemoryStoreFirstHitWins(t *testing.T) {
 	s := NewMemoryStore(0)
 	decay := 200 * time.Millisecond
-	s.Hit("k", decay)
+	if allowed, _, _ := s.Attempt("k", 2, decay); !allowed {
+		t.Fatal("first attempt denied")
+	}
 	time.Sleep(120 * time.Millisecond)
-	s.Hit("k", decay) // must not extend the original window
+	if allowed, _, _ := s.Attempt("k", 2, decay); !allowed {
+		t.Fatal("second attempt denied")
+	}
 	time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
-	if s.TooManyAttempts("k", 1) {
+	if allowed, attempts, _ := s.Attempt("k", 1, decay); !allowed || attempts != 1 {
 		t.Fatal("window was extended by a later hit")
 	}
 }